The Treasury of Lives



Rinchen Zangpo (rin chen bzang po) was born in 958 in a town called Khatse Wingir (khwa tse wing gir) in an area of Guge (gu ge) called Nyungwam Ratna (snyung wam ratna), or, alternately Khyungwang (khyung wang). His father was Zhonnu Wangchuk (gzhon nu dbang phyug) and his mother was named Cokro Kunzang Sherab Tenma (cog ro kun bzang shes rab bstan ma). Their clan was the Yudra (g.yu sgra), which might indicate that he was not actually ethnically Tibetan. His parents named him Rinchen Wangchuk (rin chen dbang phyug). He had an elder brother, Sherab Wangchuk (shes rab dbang phyug) and a younger brother, Yonten Wangchuk (yon tan dbang phyug). He also had a sister, Kunring Shetso (kun sring shes mtsho). Both his younger brother and sister took religious vows; his sister's ordination name was Neljorma Chokyi Dronma (rnal 'byor ma chos kyi sgron ma).

Neither of his parents were Buddhist, yet, at least according to tradition, they supported his childhood aspiration to immerse himself in the religion. He was ordained at the age of thirteen by Khenpo Yeshe Zangpo (mkhan po ye shes bzang po, d.u.). In 975, while still a teenager, he convinced his parents to allow him to go to India to study Buddhism. (As will be mentioned below, later histories have it that he was sent to India by royal decree.)  He set off with a travelling companion named (according to some sources) Tashi Tsemo (bkra shis rtse mo) and food provided by his mother. On the road they met considerable difficulties, including theft, illness, and bizarre customs, passing into Kashmir via Spiti and Kulu.



In Kashmir he met his first teacher, Śrāddhakaravarman, and began studying Sanskrit texts on philosophy and tantric practice. He remained there for seven years, after which he went to the southeast, to Vikramaśila for several years, before returning again to Kashmir. He then returned to Tibet, possibly in 987, after thirteen years in India.

According to tradition, Rinchen Zangpo used his Buddhist accomplishments to expose a teacher who was attracting a large crowd by levitating; Rinchen Zangpo is said to have pointed a finger at him, at which point the teacher spun head over heals and fell from the sky, slinking off never to be heard from again.

Such an incident perfectly placed Rinchen Zangpo to be noticed by King Songnge (srong nge), whose ordination name was Lha Lama Yeshe Wo (lha bla ma ye shes 'od, 947-1024; abdicated in 988). The king of Guge at the time, he was then engaged in reforming Buddhism in Tibet, sweeping away what he considered the Tibetan corruptions of the religion that had arisen since the collapse of the Yarlung Dynasty in the mid ninth century.

At the new royal monastery of Toling (thod ling) that Rinchen Zangpo had a hand in constructing, he was joined by a number of Indian paṇḍitas and with them set about making new translations. He is known to have worked in two temples there, Pel Leme Lhungyi Drubpa (dpal dpe med lhun gyis grub pa) and the Golden Temple (gser kyi lha khang).

Rinchen Zangpo went again to India, travelling this time in fine style, contacting Indian artisans to create the icons and murals for the new temples, and returning to Guge after six years.

Some of his biographies have it that Rinchen Zangpo's initial trip was sponsored by Yeshe Wo, who sent twenty-one young Tibetan men to India to learn Sanskrit and bring back scripture; all died in India save Rinchen Zangpo and Lekpai Sherab (legs pa'i shes rab, d.u.), the son of his paternal uncle, who became known as the Lesser Translator (lo tsA ba chung ba). He was also known as Drakjor Sherab (grags 'byor shes rab)

Whether he went first on his own or both times in royal employ, during his two trips to India (some sources have it that he went three times) Rinchen Zangpo is said to have studied with over seventy-five Indian paṇḍitas. Among them, he learned the Yogatantras from Ratnavajra, Guhyasamāja from Nāropa, the Durgatipariśodhanatantra from a teacher whose name in Tibetan was Norbu Lingpa (nor bu gling pa), and, at Vikramaśila, he studied with Dīpaṅkarabhadra, Jinākara, and Duryacandra, whose commentary on the Cakrasaṃvara was later of significant importance for the Sakya tradition. In Tamalasinta he studied Yogatantra with Śrāddhakaravarman. In Tibet he also studied with Śrāddhakaravarman, who taught him the system of Vajrodaya (rdo rje 'byung).

Among the Indians who worked with him in Toling was Dharmaśrībhadra, who contributed, together with Shākya Lodro (shAkya blo gros, d.u.) to the translation of the Bodhicaryāvatāra. The name of at least one artist he hired is known: Bhidhaka, who created a statue of Avalokiteśvara of the size of his father that was installed at Gokhar Lhakhang (go khar lha khang) in Khatse (kha tse) and still exists today.

He is credited with promoting the Prajñāpāramitā literature in Tibet, having translated several important works, including the Prajñāpāramitā in 8,000 verses (Aṣṭasāhastrikā), as well as in 20,000 verses, and the Abhisamayālaṃkāra, one of the most important commentaries on the Prajñāpāramitā literature. In addition to his translation work he also composed commentaries on topics such as Prajñāpāramitā, sādhāna, and abhiṣeka.

He promoted several tantric traditions, particularly Yogatantra, translating numerous commentaries on the Sarvatāthagatatattvasaṃgraha, and he was the first to introduce the Cakrasaṃvara tantra to Tibet. He also is credited with disseminating the "mother" (ma rgyud) and "father" (pha rgyud) classes of the Anuttarayoga tantra.

He is said to have taken full ordination at the age of forty-nine with Candraprabha, Kamalarakṣita, and another teacher named Bhi-na-se, presumably during the second Indian trip.

Rinchen Zangpo is equally famous for his contribution to the creation of temples; he is said to have constructed one hundred and eight temples, a number that Tibetans use to signify a considerable amount. His fame is such that perhaps even more than that number of small temples are now claimed to have been built by him.

Most of the attributions to Rinchen Zangpo must be taken with some suspicion, as they are the invention of later tradition. Some of the more notable contributions he is said to have made include what would have been his first major temple, after Toling, Khachar (kha char; also spelled 'kha' char and 'khab char), a royal temple sponsored by either King Lhade (lha lde, 996-1024), the nephew of Yeshe Wo and the uncle of Jangchub Wo (byang chub 'od, r. 1037-57) who invited Atiśa Dīpaṃkara (982-1054) to Tibet, or, alternately, by King Khorre (khor re, r. 988-996), Lhade's father and the brother of Yeshe Wo. This temple is likely near a town called Langka northwest Ladakh. Another temple was named Nyarma (mya ma), now a pile of ruins near Thiksay in Ladakh. He is also credited with establishing the famous Tabo Monastery in Spiti in 996.

Not all his temple building was welcomed. According to tradition, the local guardian deities vigorously opposed the construction of Radni (rad nis), in his birthplace. Radni contains the oldest representation of the Guhyasamāja maṇḍala, which Rinchen Zangpo brought to Tibet. He subjugated them, and defeated their priests -- most likely the local Bon priests still in power in what was once the kingdom of Zhangzhung.

Among Rinchen Zangpo's most prominent disciples were Ma Lotsāwa Gewa Lodro (rma lo tsA ba dge ba blo gros, 1044-c.1089) who translated the Pramāṇavārttika of Dharmakīrti, the first time a work of logic was translated in Tibet, and who was a teacher of Khon Konchok Gyelpo ('khon dkon mchog rgyal po, 1034-1102). (The work was later retranslated by Sakya Paṇḍita Kunga Gyeltsen (sa skya pan di ta kun dga' rgyal mtshan, 1182-1251), and Śākyaśrībhadra, 1127‑1225.) Ngok Losawa Loden Sherab (rngog lo tsA ba blo ldan shes rab, 1059-1109), the nephew of Ngok Legpai Sherab (1059-1109), the founder of Sangpu Neutog, was also a disciple.

According to the Blue Annals, four of Rinchen Zangpo's disciples were collectively known as the Four Heart Sons: Drakrin (grags rin), Gya Yetsuk (rgya ye tshuk), Gungpa Yeshe (gung pa ye shes), and Konchok Tsek (dkon mchog brtsegs). Other names associated with him are Chokyi Lodro (chos kyi blo gros), who studied with him at Samada; Gyangpo Cholo (rgyang po chos blo); and Gungshing Tsondru Gyeltsen (gung shing brtson 'grus rgyal mtshan). He is also known to have taught Draktengpa Yonten Tsultrim (brag steng pa yon tan tshul khrims, d.u.).

When Rinchen Zangpo was eighty-five he met Atiśa at Toling. At Atiśa's request he listed his accomplishments and outlined his understanding. Atiśa exclaimed "If there are men like you in Tibet, then there was no need for me to come here!" But when Atiśa asked him how one should practice the tantras, and Rinchen Zangpo replied that one should practice each tantra in its own way (or, more specifically, Guhyasamāja on the ground floor, Hevajra on the second floor, and Cakrasaṃvara on the top floor), Atiśa exclaimed "Rotten translator! Indeed there was need for me to come! The tantras should all be practiced together!" Atiśa then gave him instruction and told him to enter meditation retreat.

Following his encounter with Atiśa, Rinchen Zangpo practiced for ten years. According to tradition, he wrote three inscriptions above consecutive doors to his medication cell, each corresponding to one of the three vehicles (Mahāyāna, Hīnayāna, and Vajrayāna); above outer door to his meditation cell: "Within this door, should a thought of attachment the phenomenal world arise for even a single moment, may the dharmapāla split open my head." Over the middle door he wrote: "Should a thought of self-interest arise for even a single moment, may the dharmapāla split open my head." Over the inner door he wrote: "Should an ordinary thought arise for even a single moment, may the dharmapāla split open my head."

Rinchen Zangpo passed away at the age of ninety-eight in Khatse Wingir (khwa rse wing gir).

Alexander Gardner is Director and Chief Editor of the Treasury of Lives. He completed his PhD in Buddhist Studies at the University of Michigan in 2007. He is the author of The Life of Jamgon Kongtrul The Great.

Published July 2011

Images

Mahākāla Pañjarnātha

Mahākāla Pañjarnātha, or "Lord of the Tent," is the protector of the Hevajra cycle of tantras. The iconography and rituals are found in the eighteenth chapter of the Vajra Pañjara Tantra, an exclusive 'explanatory tantra' to Hevajra itself. It is dated to the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century.

Puchungwa Zhonnu Gyelsten

An eighteenth century painting of Puchungwa Zhonnu Gyeltsen with Rinchen Zangpo.

参考书目

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